دراسة الجدوى Work Study

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Work Study

Importance of Work Study:
In today's competitive business environment, it is necessary that the employees work hard.er, be more productive so that, the production costs can be kept low to meet global competition. Operations managers have to continuously strive for low production costs, high product quality and improve every facet of manufacturing. In this direction, improving labour productivity and reducing costs by improving work methods and simplifying the work needs special attention by operations managers. To facilitate this, work study technique (now known as industrial engineering) has been developed over a period of time.

Definition of Work Study
Work study is defined as that body of knowledge concerned with the analysis of the work methods and the equipment used in performing a job, the design of an optimum work method and the standardization of proposed work methods. Work study has contributed immeasurably to the search for better methods, and the effective utilization of this management tool has helped in the accomplishment of higher productivity. )Work, study is a management tool to achieve higher productivity in any organization, whether manufacturing tangible products or offering services to its customers.

Work study is also understood as a systematic, objective and critical examination of the factors affecting productivity for the purpose of improvement. It makes use of techniques of method study and work measurement to ensure the best possible use of human and material resources in carrying out a specific activity.

Work study is defined by British Standard' Institution as follows "a generic term for those techniques, particularly metlwd study and work measurement which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts and which lead systematically to the investigation of all the factors which fiffect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed in
order to effect improvement

Definition of Work Study
Work study is defined as that body of knowledge concerned with the analysis of the work methods and the equipment used in performing a job, the design of an optimum work method and the standardization of proposed work methods. Work study has contributed immeasurably to the search for better methods, and the effective utilisation of this management tool has helped in the accomplishment of higher productivity. )Work, study is a management tool to achieve higher productivity in any organization, whether manufacturing tangible products or offering services to its customers.

Work study is also understood as a systematic, objective and critical examination of the factors affecting productivity for the purpose of improvement. It makes use of techniques of method study and work measurement to ensure the best possible use of human and material resources in carrying out a specific activity.

Work study is defined by British Standard' Institution as follows "a generic term for those techniques, particularly metlwd study and work measurement which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts and which lead systematically to the investigation of all the factors which fiffect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed in
order to effect improvement

OBJECTIVES OF WORK STUDY:
1. The main objective of work study is to improve productivity of current jobs and matinees productivity of jobs designed for the future, subject to constraints.
2. To reduce waste through standardization of work elements of a job
3. To increase industrial productivity through job standardization.
4. To analyses the present method of doing a job systematically, in order to develop a new and better method (referred to as methods study or methods analysis).
5. to measure the work content of a job by measuring the time required to do the job for a qualified worker and hence to establish the standard time for the job elements as well as the whole job (referred to as work measurement).
6. To improve lab our (or operational) efficiency.
7. To enable optimal utilization of plant and equipments.
8. To ensure most effective utilization of human effort.
9. To determine efficient work methods.
10. To evaluate human effort.
11. To establish standards of performance for employees.
12. To standalone the method, material and equipment need h, the production pace and also to establish an optimum ,enounce of operation, and the plant layout that minimizes the materials handling time and cost.
13. To increase productivity by ensnaring 'he best Possible Use. of al] resources (human, machine and material) to achieve best quality Product! Service at minimum possible cost.

SCOPE OF WORK STUDY
Wok study as a discipline or management tool is concerned with
1. Better ways of performing job/tasks.
2. Exercising control over the output by setting standards of performance in terms of Output (goods or service) per unit, of time period (i.e. pet hour, per day etc.).

The technique nosed to improve the method of performing a job or task is known as method study or method analysts or operator analysis or work implication It also in YO' Yes the study of the motions of the limns of the worker]e he performs job and hen" it is also known as "motion study".

The technique used to measure the work Content of a job in terms of standard time units (second" minutes or hours) and thereby establish the standard output of a worker in terms of standard units of output or standard hours of work per shift of Wadding or per, day of work, is referred to as Work measurement or Popularly as time study., the scope of work study.

The purpose 0f work study is to determine the best and most effusive method of accomplishing an operation or function necessary to do a job. The coterie for the best method could be an increase in jab satisfaction and employee morale, rediscount in fugues, decrease in number of accidents and personal injuries. minimization of usage of materials, tool package or consumables and Supplies. Work study aims at increase in Productivity by reducing the time taken to carryout any operation or task and complete, jab or work.

Relationship Between methods Study and Work Measurement
Method study is defined as a systemic recording, analysis and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing Work and development

And application of easier and more effective work methods to place the existing work methods.

Method Study is also known as methods analysis or methods engineering. Or Work improvement or work simplification.

Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to measure and establish. The Work content of a specified task or job by determining the time required for carrying out the task or job by a qualified worker at a defined standard of performance.

Method study and Work measurement are closely linked. While method study is concerned with reduction of work Content, work measurement is concerned with the investigation, measurement and duct ion of the work Content by eliminating the ineffective time and the subsequent establishment of time standards for the task or job or Operation on the basis of the work methods established by the method study. Method study should precede work study. Method study Proposes alternative methods or operations to do a job taking in", Considerations the motions involved in carrying Out the job (motion study) and then work study employs time study (using stop Watch measure time) to compare the effectiveness of alternate wok methods or operations so that the most economic and effective method can be chosen.

Basic Work Study Procedure
There are eight basic steps involved in a work study procedure. some of them are common to both method study and work measurement. These steps are:
1. Select the job or the process or the operation, be studied.
2. Record all relevant facts about the job or process operation Using Suitable charting techniques sub as operation Process cart, flow Process chart, flow diagram" SIMo chart (simultaneous motion chart) I and man-machine chart.
3. Examine critically all the corded facts, questioning the purpose place sequence, person and the means of doing the job/process/operation.
4. Develop the new method for the job/process/operation
5. Measure the Work Content and establish the standard time using an Propriety work measurement technique, viz., time study using step, Watch, synthesis method, analytic al estimating method, Pre determined; motion time system and work sampling.
6. Define the new method for the job/process/operation.
7. Install the new method as standard practice.
8. Maintain the new method for the job/process/operation.
9. Record: (a) the present method of doing the job in detail to the limit economically justified (method study), (b) where necessary the effective and ineffective time under existing working conditions (work measurement).
10. Examine: (a) the facts critically (method study), (b) in order to eliminate ineffective time (work measurement).

Prerequisites for Conducting Work Study
Work study is simply a management tool which can be used to analyze the industrial problems connected to the method of carrying out a task or operation in the most scientific manner. Work study by itself can not solve any industrial relations problems even though it is widely applied to improve the employee morale and improve productivity by reducing costs when the relationship between management employees is reasonably good. But the most important prerequisite for the successful application of work study in a firm is the mutual trust and confidence between workers and the management. Before introducing work study, the management must gain the confidence of workers and their union representatives. The workers should not be kept in darkness about the objectives of work study so that they will not offer resistance to implement any changes needed as per the findings from work study.

Satisfactory working conditions and good human relations are two important prerequisites for successful application of work study.

Benefits of Work Study
1. Increased productivity and operational efficiency.
2. Reduced manufacturing costs.
3. Improved work place layout.
4. Better manpower planning and capacity planning.
5. Fair wages to employees.
6. Better working conditions to employees.
7. Improved work flow.
8. Reduced material handling costs.
9. Provides a standard of performance to measure labour efficiency.
10. Better industrial relations and employee morale.
11. Basis for sound incentive scheme.
12. Provides better job satisfaction to employees.

CONSIDERATIONS IN WORK STUDY
1. Human Relations and Work Study
One of the greatest problems in obtaining active cooperation of the workers is the fear that increasing the productivity will lead to their unemployment and losing their jobs. Hence, work study engineers must establish good relationships with workers, supervisors and managers of works department so that the workers should not have the wrong perception about the objectives of work study. Also, the workers should not perceive a threat to their job security and self-respect by work study. Also, the workers may have a working perception that benefits of higher productivity will not be shared between them and management, but management will keep all the benefits for themselves. All these perceptions will result in non-cooperation by workers and supervisors during stop watch time study and the workers may deliberately slow down their pace of work. Also, they may have a tendency to resist any change (improvement in work methods, work motions, handling materials etc.,) thinking that any change in existing methods and practices is an interruption of a comfortable situation in which they are working at present.

2. Work Simplification and 'Work Study
Method study which is a technique of work study aims at identifying key processes and simplify the same by reducing the work content and simplifying the motions involved in doing the job.

Work simplification starts with the analysis of the product design, the process of manufacturing the products, and evaluating the processes with regards to whether it can be changed to simplify or to make it easy to produce by reducing waste, by eliminating non-value adding operations or activities and by modifying the design etc. Hence, work study is considered as a powerful tool for work simplification and thereby cost reduction.

METHOD STUDY (OR METHODS Analysis)
Method study or Methods Analysis focuses on how a job is done. It is a scientific technique of observing, recording and critically examining the present method of performiI,1g a job or task or operation with the aim of improving the present method and developing a new and cheaper method. It is also known as methods improvement or work improvement. It involves the study of work processes, working conditions and equipments and tools used to carryout job.

Job design often begins with a methods analysis of an overall operation.
It then focuses on specific details of the job concentrating on arrangement of the work place and movement of materials and/or workers. Methods - analysis can be a good source to improve productivity.

Need for Methods Analysis
1. Changes in tools and equipment.
2. Changes in product design or new product design and development.
3. Changes in materials or processes or procedures.
4. Quality problems, safety and health hazards.
5. Contractual agreements or government regulations.

Objectives of Method Study
1. To study the existing/proposed method of doing any job, operation or activity.
2. To develop an improved method to improve productivity and to reduce operating costs.
3. To reduce excessive material handling or movement and thereby reduce
1. fatigue to workmen.
4. To improve utilization of resources.
5. To eliminate wasteful and inefficient motions.
6. To standardize work methods or processes, working conditions, machinery, equipments and tools.

Advantages of Method Study
1. Work simplification.
2. Improved working method (cheaper method).
3. Better product quality.
4. Improved workplace layout.
5. Improved equipment design.
6. Better working conditions/environment.
7. Better material handling and lesser material handling cost.
8. Improved work flow.
9. Less fatigue to operator.
10. Optimum utilization of all resources.
11. Higher safety to workmen.
12. Shorter production cycle time.
13. Higher job satisfaction for workmen.
14. Reduced material consumption and wastages.
15. Reduced manufacturing cost and higher productivity.

WORK MEASUREMENT
Method Study and work measurement are two techniques of work study.
Whereas method study or Methods Analysis is a tool for standardizing the methods of doing a job, work measurement establishes the work content of a job. Work content of a job can accurately be established only after the method of doing a job is standardized. Hence, it is needless to mention that method study should precede work measurement.

Both, method study and work measurement are important elements in achieving higher labour productivity. The overall productivity of an organization is the result of the productivity achieved by all components of the organization such as capital assets, labour, material; and plant and equipment. Hence, managers must be concerned about the productivity of all resources and at the individual worker level, labour productivity is determined by work measurement.

Definition of Work-measurement
Work measurement is defined as the application of techniques designed
to establish the work content of a specified task by determining the time, required for carrying out the task at a defined standard of performance by a qualified worker.

Objectives of Work Measurement
1. To determine how long it should take to do a job. (time standards reflect the amount of time it should take an average worker or a qualified worker to do a given job under typical conditions).
2. Improved planning and control of activities or operations.
3. To compare alternative methods developed by method study in order to establish the work content of each method and thereby select the most economical method.
4. More efficient manning of the plant i.e., determining the number of employees needed for doing various kinds of jobs in a plant based on the knowledge of the amount of time needed to do each job. The analysis of the idle time and effective time inherent in the performance of each job allows effective allotment of work and also to determine the manpower required.
5. Reliable indices (in terms of standard job times) for evaluating labour performance and to determine labour efficiency.
Standard time Labour efficiency (% ge) = standard time x 100
6. Reliable basis for labour cost control (labour cost estimates are based on standard time estimates).

Benefits of Work Measurement
work, measurement helps
1. To develop a basis for comparing alternate methods developed in method study by establishing the work content in each method of doing the job.
2. To prepare realistic work schedules by accurate assessment of human work.
3. To set standar9s of performances for labour utilization by establishing the labour standards for an element of work, operation or product under ordinary working condition.
4. To compare actual time taken by the worker with the allowed time (standard time) for proper control of labour.
5. To assist in labour cost estimation.
6. To provide information related to estimation of tenders, fixation of seUing price and assessment of delivery schedule.

Techniques of Work-measurement
The main techniques used to measure work are :
1. Direct Time Study,
2. Synthesis Method,
3. Analytical Estimating,
4. Pre-determined Motion Time System (PMTS),
5. Work sampling or Activity Sampling or Ratio Delay Method.

Steps in Work Measurement the various steps are:
1. Break the job into elements.
2. Record the observed time for each element by means of either time study, synthesis or analytical estimating method.
3. Establish elemental time values by extending observed time into normal time for each element by applying a rating factor.
4. Assess relaxation allowance for personal needs and physical and mental fatigue involved in carrying out each element.
5. Add the relaxation allowance time to the normal time for each element to arrive at the work content.
6. Determine the frequency of occurrences of each element in the job, multiply the work content of each element by its frequency (i.e., number of time the element occurs in the job) and add up the times to arrive at the work content for the job.
7. Add contingency allowance if any to arrive at the standard time to do the job.
Work Study

Method Study (Motion Study)
Objective: To develop the ,best method of doil1g work
Tools used :

1. Operation' process chart/outline process chart.
2. Flow process chart Man type Machine type and Material type.
3. Two handed process hart.
4. Travel. chart .
5. Simultaneous motion chart cycle chat (S1MO)
6. Multiple activity chart.
7. Man machine chant or worker machine chart
8. Flow diagram
9. String diagram
10. Cycle graph or chromo Cycle graph

Establishing better or
Improved method of doing the job (methods improvement)

Application
designing the job or work and developing/improving the work methods eliminating unnecessary motions fatigue and Improving the working conditions and workplace layout.

Work Measurement (Time Study)
To establish. the work content of the job .

Tools used
1. Time study
2. Synthesis method
3. Analytical estimating method
4. Predetermined motion time systems
5. Activity sampling (or work sampling)

Establishing elemental standard times and thereby the standard time for operation or the job ( work unit value )

Application
Estimation of standard cost production scheduling and as a basis for incentive schemes.
Relationship Between Method study and Work Measurement

Method study is defined as a systematic recording analysis and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work and development and application of easier and more effective work methods to replace the existing work methods .

Method study is also known as method analysis or methods engineering Or work improvement or work simplification

Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to measure and establish the wok content of specified task or job by determining the time required for carrying out the task or job by a qualified worker at a defined standard of performance.

Method study and Work measurement are c1os linked. while method study is concerned with reduction of work content work measurement is concerned with the investigation measurement and reduction of the work content by eliminating the ineffective time and the subsequent establishment of time standards for the task or job or operation on the basis of the work methods established by the method study.

Basic Work Study procedure

1. Select the job or the process or the operation to be studied.
2. Record relevant facts about the job or process or operation using suitable charting techniques such as Qperati9npI'QCeSS chart. flow process chart. flow diagram, 5.IMO chart (simultaneous motion chart) and man-machine chart.
3. Examine critically all the recorded facts questioning Ute purpose place sequence person and the means of doing the job/ process / operation.
4. Develop the new method for the job /process/operation.
5. Measure the work content and establish the standard time using an appropriate work measurement technique, viz time study using stop watch synthesis method analytical estimating method pre-determined motion time system and work sampling
6. Define the new method for the job/process/operation
7. Install the new method as standard practice
8. Maintain the new method for the job/process/operation

Basic work measurement

1. Select the work to be measured
2. Record where necessary effective and ineffective time under existing working conditions
3. Examine in order to eliminate Ineffective time
4. define method to be used
5. Break –down job into elements
6. Measure quantity of work involved In that method by
7. Time study Synthesis Analytical estimating
8. Estimate normal time and add relevant allowances to determine standard time work unit value
9. To achieve (higher productivity)


Perquisites for Conducting Work Study
Work study is simply management tool which can be used to analyze the industrial problems connected to the method of carrying out a task or operation in the most scientific manner. Work study by itself can not solve any . industrial relations problems even though it is widely applied to improve the employee morale and improve productivity by reducing, costs when the relationship between management employees is reasonably good. But the most important prerequisite for the successful application of work study in a firm is the mutual trust and confidence between workers and the management. Before introducing work study the management must gain the confidence of workers and their union representatives. The workers should not be kept in darkness about the objectives of work study so that they will not offer resistance to implement any changes needed. as per the findings from work study.
Satisfactory working conditions and good human relations are two important prerequisites for successful application of work study


Benefits of Work Study

1. Increased productivity and operational efficiency.
2. Reduced manufactory costs
3. Improved work place layout
4. Better manpower planning and capacity planning
5. Fair wages to employee
6. better working conditions to employees .
7. Improved work flow.
8. Reduced material handling costs.
9. Provides a standard of performance to measure labor efficiency.
10. Better industrial relations and employee morale.
11. Basis for sound incentive scheme
12. Provides better job satisfaction to employees